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Textbook: Elementary Linear Algebra

Edition: 8

Author: Ron Larson

ISBN: 9781305658004

Elementary Linear Algebra was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9781305658004. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Elementary Linear Algebra, edition: 8. Since problems from 45 chapters in Elementary Linear Algebra have been answered, more than 260625 students have viewed full step-by-step answer. This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters: 45. The full step-by-step solution to problem in Elementary Linear Algebra were answered by , our top Math solution expert on 01/12/18, 03:19PM.

Block matrix.
A matrix can be partitioned into matrix blocks, by cuts between rows and/or between columns. Block multiplication ofAB is allowed if the block shapes permit.
Column picture of Ax = b.
The vector b becomes a combination of the columns of A. The system is solvable only when b is in the column space C (A).
Diagonalization
A = S-1 AS. A = eigenvalue matrix and S = eigenvector matrix of A. A must have n independent eigenvectors to make S invertible. All Ak = SA k S-I.
Dimension of vector space
dim(V) = number of vectors in any basis for V.
Echelon matrix U.
The first nonzero entry (the pivot) in each row comes in a later column than the pivot in the previous row. All zero rows come last.
Elimination matrix = Elementary matrix Eij.
The identity matrix with an extra -eij in the i, j entry (i #- j). Then Eij A subtracts eij times row j of A from row i.
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
A factorization of the Fourier matrix Fn into e = log2 n matrices Si times a permutation. Each Si needs only nl2 multiplications, so Fnx and Fn-1c can be computed with ne/2 multiplications. Revolutionary.
Least squares solution X.
The vector x that minimizes the error lie 112 solves AT Ax = ATb. Then e = b - Ax is orthogonal to all columns of A.
Linear transformation T.
Each vector V in the input space transforms to T (v) in the output space, and linearity requires T(cv + dw) = c T(v) + d T(w). Examples: Matrix multiplication A v, differentiation and integration in function space.
Linearly dependent VI, ... , Vn.
A combination other than all Ci = 0 gives L Ci Vi = O.
Multiplicities AM and G M.
The algebraic multiplicity A M of A is the number of times A appears as a root of det(A - AI) = O. The geometric multiplicity GM is the number of independent eigenvectors for A (= dimension of the eigenspace).
Normal matrix.
If N NT = NT N, then N has orthonormal (complex) eigenvectors.
Partial pivoting.
In each column, choose the largest available pivot to control roundoff; all multipliers have leij I < 1. See condition number.
Positive definite matrix A.
Symmetric matrix with positive eigenvalues and positive pivots. Definition: x T Ax > 0 unless x = O. Then A = LDLT with diag(D» O.
Reflection matrix (Householder) Q = I -2uuT.
Unit vector u is reflected to Qu = -u. All x intheplanemirroruTx = o have Qx = x. Notice QT = Q-1 = Q.
Rotation matrix
R = [~ CS ] rotates the plane by () and R- 1 = RT rotates back by -(). Eigenvalues are eiO and e-iO , eigenvectors are (1, ±i). c, s = cos (), sin ().
Saddle point of I(x}, ... ,xn ).
A point where the first derivatives of I are zero and the second derivative matrix (a2 II aXi ax j = Hessian matrix) is indefinite.
Toeplitz matrix.
Constant down each diagonal = time-invariant (shift-invariant) filter.
Unitary matrix UH = U T = U-I.
Orthonormal columns (complex analog of Q).
Vector addition.
v + w = (VI + WI, ... , Vn + Wn ) = diagonal of parallelogram.